Interoperability
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Interoperability refers to “the ability of systems, natively independent, to interact in order to build harmonious and intentional collaborative behaviors without deeply modifying their individual structure or behavior” (Barthe-Delanoë et al., 2014) Generally speaking, interoperability should be considered at the physical (e.g., standardized handling), organizational (e.g., inter-organizational protocols), business (e.g., business models with shared value), and digital levels (Pan et al., 2019)
There are two types of data interoperability: syntactic and semantic.
- Syntactic interoperability: enables different software components to cooperate, facilitating the communication and exchange data between two or more systems.
- Semantic interoperability: refers to the ability of computer systems to exchange data in a way that is understood by the other.