Interoperability

Interoperability refers to “the ability of systems, natively independent, to interact in order to build harmonious and intentional collaborative behaviors without deeply modifying their individual structure or behavior” (Barthe-Delanoë et al., 2014) Generally speaking, interoperability should be considered at the physical (e.g., standardized handling), organizational (e.g., inter-organizational protocols), business (e.g., business models with shared value), and digital levels (Pan et al., 2019)