Protocol
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By which I mean, Does it have an open published specification that anyone can freely use? And can any software that implements the specification interoperate with any other such software?
The Internet and the World Wide Web that runs on the Internet are exemplars of protocols, or actually protocol stacks.
Protocol creation
The creation of protocol is a political act and requires a lot of people coming to agreement, and then those agreements get baked into a spec, and then the spec gets difficult to change without breaking implementations and interoperability.