Yochai Benkler
Yochai Benkler is a scholar known for his work in the field of information law and policy, particularly for his influential work on the concept of the social production theory. Benkler's ideas are presented in his book "The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom," published in 2006.
Social production theory, as proposed by Benkler, explores the dynamics of information and cultural production in a networked and digital era. The key premise of this theory is that non-market-based, collaborative efforts within social networks can lead to the creation of valuable goods and services. Benkler contrasts this with the traditional industrial model, which relies on market-based mechanisms for production and distribution.
He also uses the term networked information economy to describe a "system of production, distribution, and consumption of information goods characterized by decentralized individual action carried out through widely distributed, nonmarket means that do not depend on market strategies.
Key aspects of social production theory include:
- Decentralized Production: Benkler argues that the rise of the internet and digital technologies has enabled individuals to collaborate and create content without relying on traditional hierarchical structures. In this decentralized model, people can participate in the production of information, knowledge, and culture without being solely motivated by profit.
- Peer Production: Social production often involves what Benkler calls "peer production," where individuals contribute to a project voluntarily and without direct monetary compensation. This collaborative effort can take various forms, such as open-source software development, Wikipedia editing, or sharing user-generated content on platforms like YouTube.
- Commons-Based Peer Production (CBPP): Benkler emphasizes the importance of the commons in social production. In CBPP, resources are shared and maintained collectively by the community rather than being privatized. Examples of CBPP include open-source software, Creative Commons-licensed content, and other shared resources accessible to the public.
Regarding social norms in the context of social production theory:
- Norms as Motivators: Benkler highlights the role of social norms in motivating individuals to contribute to collaborative projects. While traditional economic models emphasize monetary incentives, social production theory suggests that social norms, reputation, and a sense of community can drive participation.
- Trust and Reciprocity: Social norms contribute to the establishment of trust within collaborative communities. Participants are more likely to contribute when they trust that others will reciprocate and collaborate in good faith. Reputation systems and social recognition play a crucial role in fostering trust.
- Norms of Openness: Benkler argues that norms promoting openness and sharing are fundamental to social production. Open access to information and resources facilitates collaborative efforts and allows for the cumulative development of knowledge and culture.
In summary, Yochai Benkler's social production theory highlights the transformative potential of collaborative, non-market-based production facilitated by digital technologies. Social norms, such as trust, reciprocity, and openness, play a vital role in motivating individuals to participate in these decentralized and peer-driven production processes.